Question #1 marks 2
what is the basic unit of object oriented design ? discuss briefly.
Ans:
The basic unit of object oriented design is an object. An object can be defined as a
tangible entity that exhibits some well defined behavior. An object represents an
• individual,
• identifiable item,
• unit, or entity,
• either real or abstract,
with a well defined role in the problem domain. An object has state, behavior, and
identity.
Name any two standards which are being used by ,c++ for writing programs.
Ans:
1. Hungarian Notation
2. Bicapitalization or camel case
quesiton 3 marks 2
what extension should be used for c++ header file?
Ans:
C++ header files should have the extension .h.
Example: MyClass.h
as pre peter coad methodology for deriving the object model , " sale" is a
transaction object keeping in mind any point of sale system list the attributes of
sale object and services profited by it.
Ans:
product
pk Prod.id
Order.id
Dept.id
Question 4 …….marks 3
describe three coverage schemes related to white box testing?
Ans:
Statement Coverage: In this scheme, statements of the code are tested for a
successful test that checks all the statements lying on the path of a successful
scenario.
Branch Coverage: In this scheme, all the possible branches of decision structures
are tested. Therefore, sequences of statements following a decision are tested.
Path Coverage: In path coverage, all possible paths of a program from input
instruction to the output instruction are tested. An exhaustive list of test cases is
generated and tested against the code.
what is difference between inspection and testing?
Ans:
We always need to employ inspection techniques and combine them with testing to
increase the effectiveness of defect removal efficiency.
In inspections the emphasis is on early detection and fixing of defects from the program.
Inspections can check conformance with a specification but not conformance with the
customer’s real requirements. Inspections cannot check non-functional characteristics
such as performance, usability, etc. Inspection does not require execution of program
and they maybe used before implementation. Many different defects may be discovered
in a single inspection.
In testing, one defect may mask another so several executions are required.
For inspections, checklists are prepared that contain information regarding defects.
Reuse domain and programming knowledge of the viewers likely to help in preparing
these checklists. Inspections involve people examining the source representation
with the aim of discovering anomalies and defects. Inspections may be applied to any
representation of the system (requirements, design, test data, etc.) Thus inspections are
a very effective technique for discovering errors in a software program.
Consider the following statement
array[i++] = array[i++]=x;
keeping in mind the problems caused by side effects. how the above statement
can be dangerous.
Ans:
Due to side effects, multiple assignments become very dangerous. In this
statement, a whole depends upon when i is incremented.
question 6 marks 5
A student claims that we cannot implement the software construction activities,
if we don't have supporting tools that could provide us the automated or semi-
automated support? Do you agree with the statement or not ? Provide logical
reason.
Ans:
Only partially we can accept this claim.coz development is a creative activity.
Objective of development is to show that how the program works. tester uses his/her
imagination to come up with use patterns of the application that can help him/her in
describing exact steps that should be executed in order to test a particular functionality.
Moreover, they needs to figure out
loose points in the system from where he/she can discover defects. All these activities
are highly imaginative and a students are supposed to possess above average (if not
excellent) analytical skills. Scenarios missed or misunderstood during development
analysis would never be tested correctly because the corresponding test cases would
either be missing or would be incorrect.
So, student claims that we cannot implement the software construction activities, if we
don't have supporting tools that could provide us the automated or semi-automated
support is not acceptable at all.
quesiton 7 marks 5
Which of the following are the magic numbers?
Any number (even 0 or 1) used in the code can be a magic number.
These are constant that mean something but they do not give any indication
of their importance or derivation, making the program hard to understand and
modify. To a reader they work like magic and hence are called magic numbers.
It should rather have a name of its own that can be used in the program
instead of the number.
while working on a GUI user goes for some clicks in order to delete some
component of that system but that component is in use by some other
stockholder and hence cannot be deleted at that specific time'.
If you are the developer for this GUI , write at least 3 ways for handling above
scenario and also tell which solution is ideal in your point of view.
Ans:
First, if a component is currently in use, it should not have been displayed in the list at
the right.
Secondly, instead of displaying many messages separately in many dialog boxes, it
would have been appropriate to combine them in minimum message pop ups.
Thirdly, close all the other expected application which can use that component.
First option will be ideal to handle such issues.
FA2 is regular
L2 is regular you need to find FA1 U FA2 using complement method