Semester “Spring 2011”
“Entrepreneurship (MGT 602)”
This is to inform that Graded Discussion Board (GDB) Has been opened according to the following schedule
Schedule
Opening Date and Time
April 20, 2011 At 12:01 A.M. (Mid-Night)
Closing Date and Time
April 25, 2011 At 11:59 P.M. (Mid-Night)
Note: No extra or bonus/grace period is available for attempting GBD.
Discussion Question
"After getting fed up from your existing job you want to leave the job. One of your MBA friends offers you to purchase his running business. Will you accept or reject his offer? Give good reasons that support your answer."Instructions:
Read the following instructions before giving your comments on GDB:
Use the font style “Times New Roman” and font size “12”.
Your answer should be relevant to the topic i.e. clear and concise.
Do not copy or exchange your answer with other students. Two identical / copied comments will be marked Zero (0) and may damage your grade in the course.
Books, websites and other reading material may be consulted before posting your comments but copying or reproducing the text from books, websites and other reading materials is strictly prohibited. Such comments will be marked as Zero (0).
Obnoxious or ignoble answer should be strictly avoided.
:::::::::::::::::::::
Solution:
Answer: I will defiantly purchase my friend’s business because I can begin operations immediately and this saves time energy and the need for research prior to initiating the business. In addition I can benefits from: [list]
[*]Existing customer An existing customer base and contracts [list]
[*]Existing vendors Existing vendors are helpful to eliminate the need to identify new ones, enabling the business to operate from day one. [list]
[*]Existing staff and management Which help you to skip recruiting staff and training? [list]
[*]Knowledge transfer I can learn about running the business from the current owner, which help me to gain and insight about there experience and also use their expertise. [list]
[*]Existing premises Eliminate the need to search for new premises and the tension of lease negotiations.[list]
[*]Reputation Existing good will is associated with the name and location. [list]
[*]Financial help Financiers are always ready to lend money to an existing business with a treading record.
:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
Another
:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
First of all i will see my financial condition that either i have the financial power to purchase that business.Then after that the best place to start is by looking at an industry with which i am familiar and which i understand. i will Think long and hard about the types of businesses i am interested in and which best match my skills and experience. i will Also consider the size of business i am looking for, in terms of employees, number of locations and sales. Next, i will pinpoint the geographical area where i want to own a business. i will Assess labor pool and costs of doing business in that area, including wages and taxes, to make sure they're acceptable to me. .I will accept his offer after i will investigate its historical performance, operations, current status, staff and management, competition, industry and its future potential
Sunday, April 24, 2011
Phy101 Assignment No. 1 solution
Naturalistic Observation
Type of observation in which the phenomenon of interest is studied/observed in the natural setting without any interference by the observer; The observer may make narrative records, take field notes, use audio or video equipment, or may use a combination of some or all strategies.
Example:
Let's imagine that you want to study differences in risk taking behavior between teenage boys and girls. You might choose to observe behavior in a few different settings, such as on a sledding hill, a rock-climbing wall, an ice-skating rink and a bumper car ride. After you operationally define "risk-taking behavior," you would then observe teens in these settings and record every incidence of what you define as a risky behavior.
Self-Actualization
Self-actualization is a state of self-fulfillment in which people realize their
optimal potential.
Example:
A girl having a spirit to achieve a good post.
Operant Conditioning
Operant conditioning approaches uses the rewards and punishment strategies for modifying behaviors.
Example:
If a mother wants her daughter to clean her room then she may give her some
sweets every time she cleans it. Given enough time, the girl will start to clean her room more often because she knows she eill get some sweets in return. As a result, the girl’s behavior has been modified, because she learnt to associate
that behavior with a reward.
Empathy
The ability to feel what the client feels.
Example:
Your co-worker has been stabbed in the back by another co-worker and his job is on the line. He could be fired any minute and he’s terrified – the bills aren’t going to pay themselves, you know! Your co-worker turns to you for support
Projection
Attributing one’s unwanted thoughts and impulses to others e.g. a person takes bribe and blames the organization for paying him not enough salary.
Example:
If you have a strong dislike for someone, you might instead believe that he or she does not like you
Observational Learning
Learning the experiences through modeling and imitation. The patient observes
others perform the behavior that he finds difficult to perform. This can be done with live modeling or with video recording.
Example:
In our every life, this is true as well. There are many things that we can do differently if we have an open mind. One example for me would be incorporating school work into my daily schedule. When I first started school. I could not get in enough time to do everything in one day. I had to step back out of myself and find a good way to manage my time. I observed my other friends who were incorporating school into their life, and I had to come up with my own schedule. Observational learning is important in allowing up opening our minds and finding new and productive ways of doing things.
This can come in handy in both our personal and professional lives
Inferiority Complex
The feeling of being less able than others. It affects one’s relationship with others and his achievement in many ways.
Example:
Having different skin color than your peers, (for example you are dark skinned
and all of them are white) and being mocked for that
OR
Being called names like lazy or stupid by teachers and peers
Super Ego
According to Freud's psychoanalytic theory of personality, the superego is the component of personality composed of our internalized ideals that we have acquired from our parents and from society
Example:
Suppose you are a small child in a candy store. Your id is "screaming" for candy.
The conscience (part of the superego) is saying, "You know it is wrong to steal candy."
The ego decides that the best way to handle this dilemma is for you to go home and ask your mother for your allowance. Then you can go back and buy the candy, satisfying both the id and the superego.
Classical Conditioning
Is a type of learning in which a previously neutral stimulus starts eliciting a
response that was originally attached to a natural stimulus, because the neutral stimulus has been closely associated with the other stimulus.
Example:
If a particular academic subject or remembering a particular teacher produces emotional feelings in you, those emotions are probably a result of classical conditioning.
Reinforcement
Increasing the probability that preceding behavior will be repeated through a stimulus.
Example:
Rat is placed in a cage and immediately receives a mild electrical shock on its
feet. The shock is a negative condition for the rat. The rat presses a bar and the shock stops. The rat receives another shock, presses the bar again, and again the shock stops.
The rat's behavior of pressing the bar is strengthened by the consequence of the stopping of the shock.
Type of observation in which the phenomenon of interest is studied/observed in the natural setting without any interference by the observer; The observer may make narrative records, take field notes, use audio or video equipment, or may use a combination of some or all strategies.
Example:
Let's imagine that you want to study differences in risk taking behavior between teenage boys and girls. You might choose to observe behavior in a few different settings, such as on a sledding hill, a rock-climbing wall, an ice-skating rink and a bumper car ride. After you operationally define "risk-taking behavior," you would then observe teens in these settings and record every incidence of what you define as a risky behavior.
Self-Actualization
Self-actualization is a state of self-fulfillment in which people realize their
optimal potential.
Example:
A girl having a spirit to achieve a good post.
Operant Conditioning
Operant conditioning approaches uses the rewards and punishment strategies for modifying behaviors.
Example:
If a mother wants her daughter to clean her room then she may give her some
sweets every time she cleans it. Given enough time, the girl will start to clean her room more often because she knows she eill get some sweets in return. As a result, the girl’s behavior has been modified, because she learnt to associate
that behavior with a reward.
Empathy
The ability to feel what the client feels.
Example:
Your co-worker has been stabbed in the back by another co-worker and his job is on the line. He could be fired any minute and he’s terrified – the bills aren’t going to pay themselves, you know! Your co-worker turns to you for support
Projection
Attributing one’s unwanted thoughts and impulses to others e.g. a person takes bribe and blames the organization for paying him not enough salary.
Example:
If you have a strong dislike for someone, you might instead believe that he or she does not like you
Observational Learning
Learning the experiences through modeling and imitation. The patient observes
others perform the behavior that he finds difficult to perform. This can be done with live modeling or with video recording.
Example:
In our every life, this is true as well. There are many things that we can do differently if we have an open mind. One example for me would be incorporating school work into my daily schedule. When I first started school. I could not get in enough time to do everything in one day. I had to step back out of myself and find a good way to manage my time. I observed my other friends who were incorporating school into their life, and I had to come up with my own schedule. Observational learning is important in allowing up opening our minds and finding new and productive ways of doing things.
This can come in handy in both our personal and professional lives
Inferiority Complex
The feeling of being less able than others. It affects one’s relationship with others and his achievement in many ways.
Example:
Having different skin color than your peers, (for example you are dark skinned
and all of them are white) and being mocked for that
OR
Being called names like lazy or stupid by teachers and peers
Super Ego
According to Freud's psychoanalytic theory of personality, the superego is the component of personality composed of our internalized ideals that we have acquired from our parents and from society
Example:
Suppose you are a small child in a candy store. Your id is "screaming" for candy.
The conscience (part of the superego) is saying, "You know it is wrong to steal candy."
The ego decides that the best way to handle this dilemma is for you to go home and ask your mother for your allowance. Then you can go back and buy the candy, satisfying both the id and the superego.
Classical Conditioning
Is a type of learning in which a previously neutral stimulus starts eliciting a
response that was originally attached to a natural stimulus, because the neutral stimulus has been closely associated with the other stimulus.
Example:
If a particular academic subject or remembering a particular teacher produces emotional feelings in you, those emotions are probably a result of classical conditioning.
Reinforcement
Increasing the probability that preceding behavior will be repeated through a stimulus.
Example:
Rat is placed in a cage and immediately receives a mild electrical shock on its
feet. The shock is a negative condition for the rat. The rat presses a bar and the shock stops. The rat receives another shock, presses the bar again, and again the shock stops.
The rat's behavior of pressing the bar is strengthened by the consequence of the stopping of the shock.
CS101 Assignment No. 2 Solution
Assignment No. 02
Semester Spring 2010
Human-Computer Interaction-CS201
Total Marks: 15
Due Date: 27/04/2011
Objective:
To learn Boolean Logical operations and the basics of Word Processor and Spread Sheet
Instructions:
Please read the following instructions carefully before solving & submitting assignment:
Assignment should be in your own wordings not copied from net, handouts or books.
It should be clear that your assignment will not get any credit (zero marks) if:
The assignment is submitted after due date.
The submitted assignment does not open or file is corrupt.
The assignment is copied from other student or copied from handouts or any internet source.
Student ID is not mentioned in the assignment File or name of file is other than student ID.
The assignment is not according to the given format
For any query about the assignment, contact at cs101@vu.edu.pk
Question No.1 (Marks = 10)
a) How many combinations of bits are exist when we make a truth table of 9 inputs? (2 Marks)
b) Prepare a truth table for the following I = (w + x) Å (y . z) where w, x, y and z are four binary inputs in the truth table. (8 Marks)
Note :(Å symbol represent XOR gate)
Question No.2 Write any three features and two limitations of each one in the given format (Marks = 5)
Features: (3 Marks)
Sr.No.
Word Processor
Spread Sheet
1.
2.
3.
Limitations: (2 Marks)
Sr.No.
Word Processor
Spread Sheet
1.
2.
Note:
Assignment should be in your own wordings not copied from net, handouts or books.
Your answer should be “to the point”
Solution:
Answers
Question No.1 (Marks = 10)
a) How many combinations of bits are exist when we make a truth table of 9 inputs?
2n are the total combinations of bits in Truth table, where n is number of variables, so
29=512
512 bits will there
b) Prepare a truth table for the following I = (w + x) Å (y . z) where w, x, y and z are four binary inputs in the truth table.
Note :(Å symbol represent XOR gate)
Solution:
Remember in XOR, output will high only if only all inputs are mismatch to each others.
Inputs
Output
W
X
Y
Z
w+x
y.z
(w + x) Å (y . z)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
0
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
Question No.2 Write any three features and two limitations of each one in the given format
Features: (3 Marks)
Sr.No. Word Processor Spread Sheet
1. Good Formatting Hand with Good Mathematical Hand
Integrate technology
2. Real word 2d drawing Good Drawing, Flow chart
Features of Spell and Grammatical error and charts.
checking
3. Direct mail attachment and Data recovery Options Data recovery, AutoSave and
And much more much more
Limitations:
Sr.No. Word Processor Spread Sheet
1. Calculation of Functions and relationship Limited Format styles w.r.t
MS word
Up gradation is very costly.
2 3D drawing not sported. Animations and special
Effects not present
There May many more limitations and features search them.
::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
Definition for xor:
The logical operation exclusive disjunction, also called exclusive or (symbolized XOR, EOR, or ⊕), is a type of logical disjunction on two operands that results in a value of true if exactly one of the operands has a value of true. A simple way to state this is "one or the other but not both.".
Semester Spring 2010
Human-Computer Interaction-CS201
Total Marks: 15
Due Date: 27/04/2011
Objective:
To learn Boolean Logical operations and the basics of Word Processor and Spread Sheet
Instructions:
Please read the following instructions carefully before solving & submitting assignment:
Assignment should be in your own wordings not copied from net, handouts or books.
It should be clear that your assignment will not get any credit (zero marks) if:
The assignment is submitted after due date.
The submitted assignment does not open or file is corrupt.
The assignment is copied from other student or copied from handouts or any internet source.
Student ID is not mentioned in the assignment File or name of file is other than student ID.
The assignment is not according to the given format
For any query about the assignment, contact at cs101@vu.edu.pk
Question No.1 (Marks = 10)
a) How many combinations of bits are exist when we make a truth table of 9 inputs? (2 Marks)
b) Prepare a truth table for the following I = (w + x) Å (y . z) where w, x, y and z are four binary inputs in the truth table. (8 Marks)
Note :(Å symbol represent XOR gate)
Question No.2 Write any three features and two limitations of each one in the given format (Marks = 5)
Features: (3 Marks)
Sr.No.
Word Processor
Spread Sheet
1.
2.
3.
Limitations: (2 Marks)
Sr.No.
Word Processor
Spread Sheet
1.
2.
Note:
Assignment should be in your own wordings not copied from net, handouts or books.
Your answer should be “to the point”
Solution:
Answers
Question No.1 (Marks = 10)
a) How many combinations of bits are exist when we make a truth table of 9 inputs?
2n are the total combinations of bits in Truth table, where n is number of variables, so
29=512
512 bits will there
b) Prepare a truth table for the following I = (w + x) Å (y . z) where w, x, y and z are four binary inputs in the truth table.
Note :(Å symbol represent XOR gate)
Solution:
Remember in XOR, output will high only if only all inputs are mismatch to each others.
Inputs
Output
W
X
Y
Z
w+x
y.z
(w + x) Å (y . z)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
0
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
Question No.2 Write any three features and two limitations of each one in the given format
Features: (3 Marks)
Sr.No. Word Processor Spread Sheet
1. Good Formatting Hand with Good Mathematical Hand
Integrate technology
2. Real word 2d drawing Good Drawing, Flow chart
Features of Spell and Grammatical error and charts.
checking
3. Direct mail attachment and Data recovery Options Data recovery, AutoSave and
And much more much more
Limitations:
Sr.No. Word Processor Spread Sheet
1. Calculation of Functions and relationship Limited Format styles w.r.t
MS word
Up gradation is very costly.
2 3D drawing not sported. Animations and special
Effects not present
There May many more limitations and features search them.
::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
Definition for xor:
The logical operation exclusive disjunction, also called exclusive or (symbolized XOR, EOR, or ⊕), is a type of logical disjunction on two operands that results in a value of true if exactly one of the operands has a value of true. A simple way to state this is "one or the other but not both.".
Mgt502 Assignment No. 1 announced
Semester “Spring 2011”
“Organizational Behavior (MGT502)”
This is to inform that next Assignment (covering video lecture no. 1 to lecture no.14)will be uploaded on VULMS according to the following schedule
Schedule
Opening Date and Time
25th April , 2011 At 12:01 A.M. (Mid-Night)
Closing Date and Time
29th April, 2011 At 11:59 P.M. (Mid-Night)
Note: Only in the case of Assignment, 24 Hrs extra / grace period after the above mentioned due date is usually available to overcome uploading difficulties which may be faced by the students on last date.
This extra time should only be used to meet the emergencies and above mentioned due dates should always be treated as final to avoid any inconvenience.
Important:
1. For acquiring the relevant knowledge, do not rely only on handouts but watch the course video lectures, which can be downloaded for free from Online VU Lectures, and also use other reference books.
2. For planning your semester activities in an organized manner, you are advised to view schedule of upcoming Assignments, Quizzes and GDBs in the overview tab of the course website on VU-LMS.
3. Assignment will be straight away marked ZERO if copied from any source. Copy Paste from Internet is highly discouraged.
4. Keep your answer to the point and avoid unnecessary details. Ideally keep your answer within 250 words.
5. The font size should be 12, Time New Roman with 1.5 Space in word format.
6. Assignment after due date will NOT be entertained.
Mgt602 GDB solution
Semester “Spring 2011”
“Entrepreneurship (MGT 602)”
This is to inform that Graded Discussion Board (GDB) Has been opened according to the following schedule
Schedule
Opening Date and Time
April 20, 2011 At 12:01 A.M. (Mid-Night)
Closing Date and Time
April 25, 2011 At 11:59 P.M. (Mid-Night)
Note: No extra or bonus/grace period is available for attempting GBD.
Discussion Question
"After getting fed up from your existing job you want to leave the job. One of your MBA friends offers you to purchase his running business. Will you accept or reject his offer? Give good reasons that support your answer."Instructions:
Read the following instructions before giving your comments on GDB:
Use the font style “Times New Roman” and font size “12”.
Your answer should be relevant to the topic i.e. clear and concise.
Do not copy or exchange your answer with other students. Two identical / copied comments will be marked Zero (0) and may damage your grade in the course.
Books, websites and other reading material may be consulted before posting your comments but copying or reproducing the text from books, websites and other reading materials is strictly prohibited. Such comments will be marked as Zero (0).
Obnoxious or ignoble answer should be strictly avoided.
:::::::::::::::::::::
Solution:
Answer: I will defiantly purchase my friend’s business because I can begin operations immediately and this saves time energy and the need for research prior to initiating the business. In addition I can benefits from: [list]
[*]Existing customer An existing customer base and contracts [list]
[*]Existing vendors Existing vendors are helpful to eliminate the need to identify new ones, enabling the business to operate from day one. [list]
[*]Existing staff and management Which help you to skip recruiting staff and training? [list]
[*]Knowledge transfer I can learn about running the business from the current owner, which help me to gain and insight about there experience and also use their expertise. [list]
[*]Existing premises Eliminate the need to search for new premises and the tension of lease negotiations.[list]
[*]Reputation Existing good will is associated with the name and location. [list]
[*]Financial help Financiers are always ready to lend money to an existing business with a treading record.
:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
Another
:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
First of all i will see my financial condition that either i have the financial power to purchase that business.Then after that the best place to start is by looking at an industry with which i am familiar and which i understand. i will Think long and hard about the types of businesses i am interested in and which best match my skills and experience. i will Also consider the size of business i am looking for, in terms of employees, number of locations and sales. Next, i will pinpoint the geographical area where i want to own a business. i will Assess labor pool and costs of doing business in that area, including wages and taxes, to make sure they're acceptable to me. .I will accept his offer after i will investigate its historical performance, operations, current status, staff and management, competition, industry and its future potential
Do not copy or exchange your answer with other students. Two identical / copied comments will be marked Zero (0) and may damage your grade in the course.
Books, websites and other reading material may be consulted before posting your comments but copying or reproducing the text from books, websites and other reading materials is strictly prohibited. Such comments will be marked as Zero (0).
Obnoxious or ignoble answer should be strictly avoided.
:::::::::::::::::::::
Solution:
Answer: I will defiantly purchase my friend’s business because I can begin operations immediately and this saves time energy and the need for research prior to initiating the business. In addition I can benefits from: [list]
[*]Existing customer An existing customer base and contracts [list]
[*]Existing vendors Existing vendors are helpful to eliminate the need to identify new ones, enabling the business to operate from day one. [list]
[*]Existing staff and management Which help you to skip recruiting staff and training? [list]
[*]Knowledge transfer I can learn about running the business from the current owner, which help me to gain and insight about there experience and also use their expertise. [list]
[*]Existing premises Eliminate the need to search for new premises and the tension of lease negotiations.[list]
[*]Reputation Existing good will is associated with the name and location. [list]
[*]Financial help Financiers are always ready to lend money to an existing business with a treading record.
:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
Another
:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
First of all i will see my financial condition that either i have the financial power to purchase that business.Then after that the best place to start is by looking at an industry with which i am familiar and which i understand. i will Think long and hard about the types of businesses i am interested in and which best match my skills and experience. i will Also consider the size of business i am looking for, in terms of employees, number of locations and sales. Next, i will pinpoint the geographical area where i want to own a business. i will Assess labor pool and costs of doing business in that area, including wages and taxes, to make sure they're acceptable to me. .I will accept his offer after i will investigate its historical performance, operations, current status, staff and management, competition, industry and its future potential
Phy101 Assignment No. 1 solution
Naturalistic Observation
Type of observation in which the phenomenon of interest is studied/observed in the natural setting without any interference by the observer; The observer may make narrative records, take field notes, use audio or video equipment, or may use a combination of some or all strategies.
Example:
Let's imagine that you want to study differences in risk taking behavior between teenage boys and girls. You might choose to observe behavior in a few different settings, such as on a sledding hill, a rock-climbing wall, an ice-skating rink and a bumper car ride. After you operationally define "risk-taking behavior," you would then observe teens in these settings and record every incidence of what you define as a risky behavior.
Self-Actualization
Self-actualization is a state of self-fulfillment in which people realize their
optimal potential.
Example:
A girl having a spirit to achieve a good post.
Operant Conditioning
Operant conditioning approaches uses the rewards and punishment strategies for modifying behaviors.
Example:
If a mother wants her daughter to clean her room then she may give her some
sweets every time she cleans it. Given enough time, the girl will start to clean her room more often because she knows she eill get some sweets in return. As a result, the girl’s behavior has been modified, because she learnt to associate
that behavior with a reward.
Empathy
The ability to feel what the client feels.
Example:
Your co-worker has been stabbed in the back by another co-worker and his job is on the line. He could be fired any minute and he’s terrified – the bills aren’t going to pay themselves, you know! Your co-worker turns to you for support
Projection
Attributing one’s unwanted thoughts and impulses to others e.g. a person takes bribe and blames the organization for paying him not enough salary.
Example:
If you have a strong dislike for someone, you might instead believe that he or she does not like you
Observational Learning
Learning the experiences through modeling and imitation. The patient observes
others perform the behavior that he finds difficult to perform. This can be done with live modeling or with video recording.
Example:
In our every life, this is true as well. There are many things that we can do differently if we have an open mind. One example for me would be incorporating school work into my daily schedule. When I first started school. I could not get in enough time to do everything in one day. I had to step back out of myself and find a good way to manage my time. I observed my other friends who were incorporating school into their life, and I had to come up with my own schedule. Observational learning is important in allowing up opening our minds and finding new and productive ways of doing things.
This can come in handy in both our personal and professional lives
Inferiority Complex
The feeling of being less able than others. It affects one’s relationship with others and his achievement in many ways.
Example:
Having different skin color than your peers, (for example you are dark skinned
and all of them are white) and being mocked for that
OR
Being called names like lazy or stupid by teachers and peers
Super Ego
According to Freud's psychoanalytic theory of personality, the superego is the component of personality composed of our internalized ideals that we have acquired from our parents and from society
Example:
Suppose you are a small child in a candy store. Your id is "screaming" for candy.
The conscience (part of the superego) is saying, "You know it is wrong to steal candy."
The ego decides that the best way to handle this dilemma is for you to go home and ask your mother for your allowance. Then you can go back and buy the candy, satisfying both the id and the superego.
Classical Conditioning
Is a type of learning in which a previously neutral stimulus starts eliciting a
response that was originally attached to a natural stimulus, because the neutral stimulus has been closely associated with the other stimulus.
Example:
If a particular academic subject or remembering a particular teacher produces emotional feelings in you, those emotions are probably a result of classical conditioning.
Reinforcement
Increasing the probability that preceding behavior will be repeated through a stimulus.
Example:
Rat is placed in a cage and immediately receives a mild electrical shock on its
feet. The shock is a negative condition for the rat. The rat presses a bar and the shock stops. The rat receives another shock, presses the bar again, and again the shock stops.
The rat's behavior of pressing the bar is strengthened by the consequence of the stopping of the shock.
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